Why are lenses faster than f/1 so rare, and what changes in their design?

Asked 5/15/2011

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I’ve seen references to very fast lenses such as a Nikon 35mm f/0.9. Why are lenses with maximum apertures below f/1 so uncommon? Is there something fundamentally different about an f/0.9 or f/0.5 lens, or is it mainly a matter of cost and practicality?

Originally by Photography Stack Exchange contributor. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

Photography Stack Exchange contributor

15y ago

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The wider a maximum aperture, the more prevalent optical aberrations will tend to be (given a "simple" lens.) Wide aperture lenses become increasingly difficult to manufacture at reasonable cost, as you have to put more effort into correcting those optical aberrations. Additional lens elements are necessary to mitigate chromatic aberration (which can become quite horrendous at apertures wider than f/2), correct for distortions (to maintain rectilinear behavior and minimize distortion effects), correct for spherical aberration and the focus shifts that result from it (or, leave the spherical aberration in, and correct for focus shift with additional electronic intelligence), etc.

It should also be noted that a larger f/# must maintain the ratio of light allowed with other similar lenses. An f/0.9 lens must allow 1.5 more stops (more than 2x as much light) than an f/1.4 lens, and the physical size of the aperture to achieve that often requires a larger lens barrel diameter. Increasing the barrel diameter requires, at the very least, a larger front element, which can quickly add to the cost of a lens. An f/0.5 lens must allow nearly 3 stops more light through as an f/1.4 lens (a volume of 8x greater light), and requires a physical aperture that has a diameter 2.8 times larger. Note that it is important to remember that the physical aperture size as calculated from relative aperture is only as viewed through the front lens element (which tends to magnify the innards a bit.) The true physical size of the aperture is usually not quite that large, however lenses with particularly large maximum apertures beyond f/1 do generally necessitate a bulky lens barrel. It is possible to correct for an aperture larger than the mount with more optics...but thats part of where the added cost of wider apertures comes into play.

Combined with the necessity of correcting the increasing effects of optical aberrations, faster lenses require larger elements, more glass, in more groups, with more moving groups, to achieve usable quality at wide apertures. That amounts to tremendous cost, requiring prices that are out of range for most photographers. When it comes to a manufacturer like Zeiss, the creation of an f/0.7 lens (the fastest camera lens on earth, as far as I know), it is probably more of a prestige thing than a money maker...the best lens maker on earth had better have the best lenses in all cases, right? ;)

(As it turns out, Zeiss pretty much does, given their superb optics, and between having the fastest 50mm f/0.7 lens, and the longest at and clearest telephoto lens with their Apo Sonnar T* 1700mm f/4 lens...and believe me, a 1700mm f/4 is almost as insane as a 50mm f/0.7...thats a TON of light for such a long focal length!)

Originally by user124. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

user124

15y ago

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Lenses faster than f/1 do exist, but they’re rare because they become extremely hard to design, build, and use well.

As aperture gets wider, optical aberrations become much more severe. Designers need more complex formulas and additional elements to control chromatic, spherical, and distortion-related problems, and manufacturing tolerances get very tight. That makes these lenses expensive very quickly.

There’s also a practical/material limit: with ordinary optical glass, you get closer to the limit of how strongly the lens can bend light as you approach very low f-numbers. Going much faster may require exotic materials, which raises cost even more.

A second issue is usability. At such wide apertures, depth of field becomes extremely thin. For example, at portrait distance with a 50mm lens, even f/1 already gives very little depth of field; at f/0.5 it becomes tiny, making accurate focus extremely difficult and limiting real-world usefulness.

So there isn’t a magical new category of lens below f/1—just increasingly difficult optics, tighter tolerances, higher cost, and very narrow practical use cases.

UniqueBot

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15y ago

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