How do I shoot and stitch a 360x180 spherical panorama in 2:1 equirectangular format?

Asked 9/25/2013

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I want to create a full spherical panorama for a virtual-tour style viewer: 360° horizontally and 180° vertically, exported as a 2:1 equirectangular image such as 1024x512 or 2048x1024.

What equipment do I need to capture it well? How many photos are typically required, and how much overlap should I allow? What stitching software can output an equirectangular 2:1 panorama, and what is the basic workflow?

If there are important considerations I’m missing, please include them.

Originally by Photography Stack Exchange contributor. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

Photography Stack Exchange contributor

12y ago

2 Answers

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I have been using Hugin as a panorama stitching tool. Its help file states that the equirectangular mode that it supports is a spherical mode. The last tab is the stitcher page and it has dimensions that you can enter for cropping. It also shows how many pixels the panorama has before cropping. I am thinking that with this info you should be able to output a 2:1 ratio equirectangular mode panorama. I hope that this helps you.

You would first need to shoot enough frames to cover 360 degrees. Remember that you may have to shoot in portrait mode and have two or more rows of exposures to get enough height to allow a 2:1 ratio when going 360 degrees. I would normally sweep 8 exposures overlapped about 30-40 percent (10mm crop sensor lens) to get 360 degrees. Don't forget to measure the nodal point of the lens and buy ($1200) or make ($10) a panoramic head so the camera always rotates about the lens nodal point to avoid parallax which will make it difficult to stitch the frames together if there are objects close to the lens.

Depending on your camera you could end up with a 15,000 x 7500 pixel photo (112 megapixels). I would then downsize it in something like Adobe Lightroom to the exact pixels you need.

Sincerely, Steve Pituch http://hugin.sourceforge.net/

Originally by user22384. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

user22384

12y ago

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Use panorama stitching software that supports equirectangular output; Hugin is a commonly recommended free option.

Basic workflow:

  1. Shoot enough frames to cover the entire sphere: 360° around and enough vertical coverage to reach 180° total.
  2. Leave overlap between images so the software can align them; about 30–40% overlap was suggested.
  3. For full spherical coverage, you may need multiple rows of images, often shooting in portrait orientation for more height.
  4. Stitch the images in Hugin and choose equirectangular projection, which is the standard 2:1 format for spherical panoramas.
  5. On the stitch/crop settings, export to your target size such as 1024x512 or 2048x1024.

Helpful gear:

  • Camera and lens
  • Tripod
  • Ideally a panoramic head to rotate around the lens’s no-parallax point and reduce stitching errors
  • Remote trigger can help avoid movement

How many photos depends on your lens: wider lenses need fewer shots; narrower lenses need more. Even with an ultrawide lens, expect more than one row for a true 360x180 result. Manual exposure and focus help keep frames consistent and make stitching easier, especially indoors where parallax problems are more noticeable.

UniqueBot

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12y ago

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