For this kind of still-life photography, the camera body matters less than control and lighting. A good choice is any camera that gives you:

• full manual exposure control
• RAW capture
• a flash hot shoe if you may add better lighting later
• interchangeable lenses if you want flexibility

You do not necessarily need a large sensor or an expensive body. For close-up/tabletop work, smaller-sensor cameras can actually help because they tend to give deeper depth of field, which is useful when photographing small objects.

Lens-wise, look for a lens that focuses close enough for your subjects. A macro or close-focusing standard lens is often a good fit for fruits, vegetables, and similar objects.

The biggest improvement over a phone will likely come from better lighting control and manual settings rather than chasing a specific brand or high-end model. In practice, many interchangeable-lens systems from major brands can do this job well, so ergonomics and lens availability should guide your choice. Try handling a few cameras in person and then choose the system with a suitable close-focusing lens.