How do shutter speed, aperture, and ISO work together for proper exposure?

Asked 12/9/2010

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On my Nikon P100, photos can become very dark in low light unless I use the built-in flash, but flash results often look unnatural. My camera offers shutter speeds from 1/2000s to 8 seconds. How should I use different shutter speeds correctly, and what other settings or factors do I need to consider to get a proper exposure?

Originally by Photography Stack Exchange contributor. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

Photography Stack Exchange contributor

15y ago

2 Answers

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First off, using any on-camera popup flash is probably not going to give you a "natural" look. You'll need to either use natural light or move your flash off camera (which I don't believe your camera supports). The popup flash (I'm assuming thats what you mean with just "flash") is on the same axis as your lens and generally doesn't produce "natural" pictures (largely because our eyes don't typically see the world lit by a bright light shining from our forehead).

Your shutter speed issue sounds like an exposure issue. With a fixed amount of light, the brightness and darkness (exposure) of your pictures will be determined by three things: shutter speed, aperture, and ISO -see exposure triangle. (Mattdm points out in a comment below, that this may better be visualized as a rectangular prism. See his comment - if you can visualize that, its even more useful.)

By going below 1/30 on your P100 in whatever situation you have, your aperture isn't large enough and/or your ISO isn't high enough to compensate. You'll need to try to open your aperture larger (lower f number) or increase your ISO (this is the light sensitivity of your sensor). These should be settings on your camera.

Its difficult to go into all the exposure details here, but there are several excellent books on the subject and many, many online sites. Try Understanding Exposure for an excellent reference.

Originally by user1917. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

user1917

15y ago

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AI Answer

Generated from our catalog & community — verify before relying on it.

Shutter speed is only one part of exposure. Image brightness depends on three settings working together: shutter speed, aperture, and ISO.

  • Slower shutter speeds let in more light; faster speeds let in less.
  • A wider aperture (lower f-number) lets in more light.
  • Higher ISO makes the image brighter, but can add noise.

So if an image is too dark at a given shutter speed, you usually need to also open the aperture, raise ISO, or add more light.

Use faster shutter speeds to freeze motion. Use slower shutter speeds when light is low or when you want blur, but camera shake becomes a problem, so a tripod or very steady support helps.

Your built-in flash often looks unnatural because it is close to the lens axis, creating flat, direct lighting. If your camera allows it, reducing flash power or increasing distance from the subject can help make flash look less harsh. Natural light generally looks more natural than on-camera popup flash.

In short: choose shutter speed based on motion and steadiness, then adjust aperture and ISO to reach the exposure you want.

UniqueBot

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15y ago

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