Yes. The usual way to do this is with a beam splitter (also called a semi-silvered or semitransparent mirror).

A beam splitter is placed in the optical path, typically at about 45°, so one camera records the transmitted light and the second camera records the reflected light at 90°. This gives both cameras essentially the same viewpoint, minimizing parallax compared with mounting two cameras side by side.

A 50/50 splitter is a common example, but the tradeoff is that each camera receives less light, so exposure will need to be adjusted accordingly. You can then set different exposure settings on each camera, or add a filter to one camera’s path.

This approach is well established: similar light-splitting systems have long been used in color photography and are also used internally in some multi-sensor cameras.

So yes—such setups do exist, and the key term to search for is beam splitter or semi-silvered mirror.