To some degree, you can see it, if you practice. Your brain automatically corrects, but you can learn to distinguish the different "feeling". That's not my main advice, though. Mostly, you can guess pretty well by where you are.

• At a home: mostly incandescent, but of course more and more people have CFLs, and unless they're particularly obsessive, probably cheap low-CRI CFLs. In homes, these are usually warm-balanced, and modern auto-wb often does an okay job. Some people are moving to LEDs, which right now tend to be a little cooler, but I expect warmer ones to be more popular — and, we can hope, better color rendition becomes a more common priority as brands start to compete on more than price.
• In public buildings or businesses: the light? it's fluorescent. Your only question is how cheap they are and whether they're glaring harsh white or one of the other common tints.
• Outdoors: varies, but if it's sodium vapor lighting, the color rendition will be so poor that you can tell — I'm sure you already know the characteristic orange/pink pallor. Halogen — basically, cooler white than normal incandescents but full spectrum — is common in floodlights. You'll find some fluorescents too, and LED lighting is becoming more common outdoors, usually easily recognizable as accent lighting.