This look is probably not a single standard Photoshop/GIMP filter. It’s closer to a rotoscoped or painted-over photo/illustration style, where a real image is heavily stylized and some areas may be manually redrawn.

From the examples mentioned, there are two likely approaches:

1. Rotoscoping / manual paint-over: trace or repaint the photo into bold black-and-white shapes, then add the swirling stroke patterns by hand or with custom brushes.
2. Stylizing software or apps: some painterly tools can get close automatically. Older versions of Studio Artist were known for swirl-like paint presets, and apps like Prisma have filters that can produce a similar look.

So the best answer is: it may start from a photo, but the final result is likely a mix of automatic stylization plus manual cleanup or drawing. If you’re using Photoshop or GIMP, try converting to strong black-and-white contrast first, then add the swirl textures with brushes or by painting over selected areas. If you want a faster starting point, test an artistic filter app or painterly software, then refine it manually.