I'm afraid if you are looking for a one-click-and-be-done feature, darktable might not be the right application for you. It has a few functions for automatic white balance or exposure adjustment but that's it. Its strength lies more with the high level of control that you get over all the adjustments but to my understanding that is quite the opposite of what you are looking for.

That said, there are some things you can do with darktable to speed up the processing:

• If you have a series of photos taken under the same conditions, you can save some time by editing only one of them and then copying the adjustments to all the others (using the "copy" and "paste" buttons of the "history stack" panel in the lighttable view).
• Use built-in presets (via the hamburger menu icon of the module). Many modules already have some very useful built-in presets. For example I found that the "clarity" preset of "contrast equalizer" often works very well for enhancing JPEGs (you can adjust the strength via the "mix" slider after applying the preset). Likewise the "diffuse or sharpen" module has several good presets for sharpening or adjusting local contrast, "color balance rgb" has presets for various levels of saturation and so on.
• If you happen to often apply the same settings for some modules (e.g. for saturation or contrast enhancement), you can save these settings as a custom presets and even have them automatically applied on your new photos.
• If you have a combination of modules with certain settings that you want to reuse, you can save them as a "style" (see the "styles" panel in lighttable).