Yes—teleconverters can work with macro lenses. Optically, they increase focal length and magnification, so a 2x converter can let you reach higher magnification or keep similar magnification from farther away.

The main issue is often physical compatibility, not the macro design itself. Canon teleconverters have a front element that protrudes, so they only fit certain lenses with enough rear clearance. Based on the answers, the Canon 2x teleconverter does not fit the Canon 100mm f/2.8 macro directly, while the Canon 1.4x does fit. Third-party teleconverters such as some Kenko models may fit more lenses because they don’t have that protruding front section.

A teleconverter does not inherently remove infinity focus. Using an extension tube to make a converter fit is what would cost you infinity focus.

Trade-offs: you lose light, autofocus may be less reliable, and camera shake is magnified. For close-up work, they can be very useful. For infinity use, a macro lens may not be as optimized as a conventional telephoto, so performance may not match a dedicated 200mm lens.