Yes—any time you clean a coated lens surface, there is some risk. Repeated or overly vigorous cleaning can eventually wear or scratch the front coating, especially if hard dust is present and gets rubbed across the glass.

The bigger danger is usually abrasion from grit, not the microfiber itself. Blow off dust first, then clean only when needed. Avoid unnecessary rubbing. If you use cleaning fluid, stick to products that are safe for lens coatings; answers here specifically caution against solvents other than water.

In practice, slight wear on the front-element coating is often less important than people fear. Internal lens coatings are generally more critical for controlling flare and ghosting.

For protection, a lens hood is usually the better choice than leaving a UV filter on all the time: it helps shield the front element and can improve image quality by reducing stray light, whereas a flat protective filter can slightly degrade image quality. A UV/protective filter can still make sense in harsh conditions like beaches or very dusty environments.

So: clean gently, infrequently, and only after removing dust first; use a hood for everyday protection.