Yes—photos are often still recoverable from a card with a corrupt filesystem, but stop using the card immediately. Don’t format it, don’t keep shooting on it, and avoid repair/check-disk tools because they can make recovery harder.

This kind of failure does happen, often with bad, counterfeit, or low-quality cards, though any card can fail. One reported cause is cards that falsely report their capacity and begin overwriting earlier images when full.

Your best chance is to use photo recovery software or a recovery workflow for corrupted memory cards, ideally by reading the card without writing anything to it. If recovery succeeds, copy everything off first.

After that, don’t trust this card again. Replace it with a genuine card from a reputable brand/source. Some photographers also prefer using multiple smaller cards rather than putting an entire day on one card, so a single failure is less catastrophic.