Yes, in principle lens-based stabilization can introduce a slight optical compromise because it works by shifting one or more lens elements away from their ideal centered position. That means the lens may be very mildly less perfectly aligned while stabilization is active.

In practice, this is usually an acceptable tradeoff: the small loss from the shifted element is typically much less than the blur you would get from camera shake without stabilization. So for handheld shooting, OIS more often improves real-world sharpness than harms it.

The effect is more of a theoretical concern than something most photographers will notice in normal use. It can vary by lens and shooting conditions, but manufacturers generally design stabilized lenses so optical performance remains effectively unchanged for practical purposes.

On a tripod or during long exposures, stabilization is often turned off because camera shake is no longer the main problem, and stabilization can be unnecessary or less helpful there. For maximum sharpness, a tripod still tends to outperform handheld shooting, even with IS enabled.