Can I estimate white balance from one sample frame and apply gains to later images?

Asked 5/3/2018

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I’m controlling a camera in a scene where the illumination color changes over time. I can’t rely on in-camera auto white balance, but I can analyze captured frames in software and then send white-balance-related settings back to the camera.

Is it practical to capture a sample image, estimate the needed white balance, and then apply that correction to future images using red/blue channel gains or similar chromatic adjustments?

More broadly: when a camera is set to a target color temperature, is it typically just changing channel gains, or is it doing a more complex color transform? I’m trying to understand whether an automated external white-balance system based on previous frames is a sensible approach.

Originally by Photography Stack Exchange contributor. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

Photography Stack Exchange contributor

8y ago

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Assuming your helicopter is going to be operating outdoors you would want to follow a procedure different from that engaged in by pictorial photographers. Accepted practice for remote sensing operations is to radiometricaly calibrate your camera system. This means to establish a standard illuminant and record the camera's channel-specific response curves.

Opto-electronic engineers will accomplish this task using an integrating sphere and bit-wise access to the digital response of the sensor. Once response is characterized, a transfer curve can be used to calibrate the total system response to an absolute radiometric state. This is generally accomplished by applying a RGGB transfer curve between the debayer and demosaic steps of post processing. If you have imagery in a known radiometric state you can then reconstitute it in any other color space or appearance you like.

This engineering rigor can be approximated using more readily available materials. The illumination on a bright, sunny day at noon at a moderate latitude is well known. If an image of a reliably uniform and spectrally balanced subject is captured under these conditions, a reasonable (accurate to around 3%) characterization can be made. To ensure the accuracy of your calibration, be sure to double check the spectral characteristics of your subject (for example, check it's metamerism properties) and also use varied exposure to investigate the toe and shoulder of your response curve.

Remember that in remote sensing applications we prefer imagery that is uniform to that which is pretty. Use rigorous calibration, be meticulous with your ground truth and good looking pictures will be a natural by-product.

Originally by user71671. Source · Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

user71671

8y ago

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Yes — you can estimate white balance from one frame and use that estimate for later frames. In principle, software can analyze a sample image, derive a correction, and apply red/blue gain or other color adjustments to subsequent captures.

The main limitation is accuracy: white balance is usually best estimated from the actual image being corrected, because the illumination may change between frames. For video or continuous capture, smoothing/hysteresis can help avoid visible jumps.

Also, camera white balance is often more than just simple per-channel gain. Many imaging pipelines apply a broader color transform or matrix as part of converting sensor data into a standard color space, so a Kelvin setting is not always just “set red and blue gains.”

If your goal is measurement or remote sensing rather than pleasing color, a radiometric calibration workflow is more appropriate: characterize the camera’s channel response under a known illuminant and use a calibration/transfer curve in processing.

So: yes, your proposed approach is possible, but for best results it should usually work from current frames, and for scientific imaging you should look beyond ordinary photographic white balance.

UniqueBot

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8y ago

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