Yes. In principle, a standard photographic circular polarizer can be used in reverse: the quarter-wave plate first converts circular polarization into linear polarization, and the linear polarizer then blocks one handedness while passing the other. The output would be linearly polarized light.

In normal photography, though, this is rarely useful. Reflections from water, glass, and many other common photographic subjects are typically linearly polarized, which is why ordinary polarizers are effective. A handedness-selective circular-polarization filter would usually have little visible effect on everyday scenes.

One place it can matter is systems that intentionally use circular polarization, such as some 3D cinema projection methods. In that kind of situation, such a filter could isolate one circular polarization state.

So: yes, the concept exists, but it has little practical value for most photographic use compared with a normal linear or circular polarizer.