This is a remarkably complex and interesting subject and no answer will be comprehensive.

The TL;DR result is that if the final picture looks acceptably like what you perceive, then it works.

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Your eye spectra diagram seems a little compressed. You don't say where it came from. Here's one from Eye and Colors:

The color filters used for sensors will never match human spectra sensitivity. Not even humans match other humans. The question becomes whether or not you can manufacture and produce color filters that can be acceptably processed to produce a result that works. On top of the mismatch in spectra of the filters mentioned, sensors also use twice as many green sensors as a way to bump up green sensitivity to more closely match typical human color perception.

Could the color filters more closely match human spectra? Probably, but at what cost and benefit when a little software already handles the corrections?

On top of camera processing you also have the question of presentation.

Various display devices have their own spectra that also don't match the human eye. For example, the Samsung Quantum Dot vs Conventional TV:

This too requires its own processing to produce results that are desired or acceptable.

For even more esoterica, you may want to delve into All the Colors We Cannot See, and Red-Green & Blue-Yellow: The Stunning Colors You Can't See