Based on several friends' experience with both the Sigma 50-500mm and the older, pre-Global Lens Series Sigma 150-500mm (The Sigma Global Lens moniker includes the Contemporary, Art, and Sports series), I wouldn't recommend either. Once you move past 250mm or so they get softer and softer as the focal length increases. Most reviews and test charts I've seen for those two lens bear this out.

There are several good alternatives that will give you better image quality than whichever 70-300mm Sigma version you are currently using, but once you get beyond 200mm it is hard to find a zoom lens that gives excellent image quality at a price that isn't somewhere between the $3,600 Sigma 120-300mm f/2.8 Sports to the $11K EF 200-400mm f/4 L IS Ext. 1.4X. Primes in the 300mm+ range aren't cheap either, but you can get more bang for your buck with a few of them than with zooms.

Update: Since this answer was written Sigma and Tamron have both introduced several 150-600mm f/5-6.3 optically stabilized zoom lenses. They're a little more affordable in the $1,000-$2,000 range than 300mm+/$5,000+ fast primes. The Tamron SP 150-600mm f/5.6-6.3 Di VC USD G2 ('G2' is for 'generation two') seems to be slightly better optically than the Sigma offerings. Of course their maximum aperture is relatively slow which precludes using them for low light action shooting such as night sports. But if you are shooting in bright sunlight they do decently well for sports/action. They're not quite as sharp on the long end as they are in the 150mm to about 300 or 350mm range, but they are noticeably better than budget 70-300mm f/4-5.6 lenses in the overlapping focal length ranges between 150-300mm. Past 300mm they're still a bit less sharp than much higher priced "Super Telephoto" prime lenses with faster apertures such as the EF 300mm f/2.8 L IS II or the EF 400mm f/2.8 L IS III. For surfing, which is often done shortly after sunrise or close to sunset, a 150-600mm f/5-6.3 lens would be near the edge of usability during those "golden hours".

Some very good photographers like (as opposed to love) the Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6 L IS as a good compromise between absolute image quality and affordability. Others don't care for it. It is an older design that is past due for an update (Edit: The EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6 L IS II was released in 2014 - It is a better lens and the price reflects that). The original EF 100-400 was very good for the film era, but its shortcomings can be revealed by high resolution digital sensors. The optical performance of most of Canon's telephoto lenses released since 2008 or so are a step above their predecessors. Unfortunately, so are the suggested retail prices.

The push/pull zoom of the 100-400mm takes getting used to, but also creates an additional issue when using it at the beach. Although the air that must move in and out of the barrel when the lens is zoomed is filtered somewhat, there's a limit to how much it can catch and allow the lens to remain useable. In a saltwater environment with both heavy moisture in the air and salt spray you would be much better off using a lens that doesn't pump salty, moist air in/out every time the focal length is changed. (Edit: The 100-400 II has internal zoom and does not change volume with changes to focal length.)

Your question compares the EF 400mm f/2.8 L to the EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6 L IS and the EF 70-300mm f/4-5.65 L IS, but neither of those last two lenses are near as fast as the first. The EF 400mm f/5.6 L is in the same price range as the 100-400 and the 70-300 L, but gives better IQ than the (original) 100-400 at 400mm and obviously has more reach than the 70-300. The EF 300mm f/4 L also delivers very good IQ and is a stop faster than the 400mm f/5.6 for around $1,500. Both the 300mm f/4 and 400mm f/5.6 are older designs that could probably use an update, but the newer "II" super telephoto series Canon introduced in a flourish in 2011 only included the fastest version for each focal length: 300mm f/2.8, 400mm f/2.8, 500mm f/4, and 600mm f/4.

If you need the versatility of a zoom lens and can spend a little more than the $1,400-1,600 for the 100-400 or 70-300 L, you might consider the following combination: EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II + EF 2X III. That combo will set you back around $2,400, but that is still a far cry from the $5-10K for the Super Telephoto "II" series lenses. For your money you get the best 70-200mm zoom in the world (Edit: It was at the time it was introduced in 2010 - it's still one of the best, but perhaps no longer king of the hill) when used bare. When combined with the EF 2X III you still have a 140-400mm f/5.6 lens that can focus fast enough to shoot sports (most lenses coupled with a 2X extender or teleconverter can not) and IQ that holds its own with the 100-400 and even the 300mm f/4 and the 400mm f/5.6. The "II" version of the 70-200 is the only zoom lens I would consider using a 2x extender with for any kind of sports/action. (Edit: the EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II has now been supplanted with the very similar EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS III. Anything said above concerning the "II" also applies to the "III", which currently lists for $2,100 but usually now sells for around $1,800-1,900 with instant rebates.)

Anytime you are considering a lens in this price range, it is always a good idea to rent one for a few days to see if it matches the need you have for it. If there's not a good rental house in your area, borrowlenses.com and lensrentals.com both have excellent reputations. Lensrentals will even let you buy the copy you're renting at a competitive price if you decide that you want it.