None of the settings are "ignored", all the settings are used to produce the RAW preview image and to show information in camera like the histogram and the over exposure blinky thing - but some settings can be changes later in raw processing without quality loss.

The settings that effect light hitting the sensor (Aperture and shutter speed) are obviously set at shooting time and can't be changes later.

In most sensors ISO is done inside the sensor and is also set at shooting time, for some sensors in some ISO ranges the amplification is done at processing time - but we can mostly assume ISO can't be changed later.

So, the big 3 (aperture, shutter speed, ISO) are set at exposure time, also, obviously, all the features that work by modifying the big 3 (metering mode, exposure compensation, Active D lighting (highlight priority in Canon), etc.) are also set at shooting time.

The white balance set in camera is usually used by the raw processor but can be overridden in post processing without quality loss.

Picture controls (picture style in Canon) are usually only used by the camera manufacturer own raw processor and can also be changed at processing time with no quality loss.

Noise reduction (but not "long exposure noise reduction") and lens corrections can also be changed in post processing.