A few resources repeatedly fit this “technical photography science” niche:

• The Manual of Photography (Ralph Jacobson et al.) is the strongest all-around recommendation. It’s widely regarded as a comprehensive, technical reference and is probably the closest match if you want a broad, math-oriented treatment.
• Light: Science and Magic is excellent for the physics of lighting, reflection, and surface behavior. It’s more specialized than a full camera-science text, but very strong for understanding why lighting behaves as it does.
• Cambridge in Colour is not a book, but it’s a highly respected technical resource for digital photography topics such as sensors and image formation. It’s especially useful for clear explanations of both the “how” and the “why.”
• For sensor-specific reading, the question notes Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras and CMOS/CCD Sensors and Camera Systems as relevant deeper references.
• For optics, Applied Photographic Optics and Lens Design Fundamentals are good follow-up references.

So if you want one starting point, begin with The Manual of Photography, then branch into optics, lighting, or sensor texts depending on your focus.