Yes. darktable doesn’t necessarily label it as a dedicated “dodge and burn” tool, but you can do the same thing with local adjustments.

Use the Exposure module and create multiple instances of it. Each instance acts like a separate adjustment layer. Then apply a mask to each instance so the exposure change affects only selected areas.

Typical workflow:

• Add one Exposure instance for dodging and raise exposure slightly.
• Add another Exposure instance for burning and lower exposure slightly.
• For each instance, use blending/masking tools to limit the effect to specific areas.
• darktable’s drawn masks include options such as brush, circle, path, and gradient.

You can also do similar local lightening/darkening with other modules, such as Tone Curve, since they also support multiple instances and masking.

So: yes, darktable supports dodge and burn through multiple module instances plus masks, rather than through a single named feature.