You wanted the math, so here it goes:

You need to know the CoC of your camera, Canon APS-C sized sensors this number is 0.018, for Nikon APS-C 0.019, for full frame sensors and 35mm film the number is 0.029.

The formula is for completeness:

CoC (mm) = viewing distance (cm) / desired final-image resolution (lp/mm) for a 25 cm viewing distance / enlargement / 25

Anothe way of doing this is the Zeiss formula:

c = d/1730

Where d is the diagonal size of the sensor, and c is the maximum acceptable CoC. This yields slightly different numbers.

You need to calculate the hyperfocal distance first for your lens and camera (this formula is inaccurate with distances close to the focal length e.g. extreme macro):

HyperFocal[mm] = (FocalLength * FocalLength) / (Aperture * CoC)

e.g.:

50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a full frame:      61576mm (201.7 feet)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a full frame:      30788mm (101 feet)
50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a Canon APS frame: 99206mm (325.4 feet)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a Canon APS frame: 49600mm (162.7 feet)

Next you need to calculate the near point which is the closest distance that will be in focus given the distance between the camera and the subject:

NearPoint[mm] = (HyperFocal * distance) / (HyperFocal + (distance – focal))

e.g.:

50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a full frame with a subject at 1m distance: 0.984m (~16mm in front of target)
50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a full frame with a subject at 3m distance: 2.862m (~137mm in front of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a full frame with a subject at 1m distance: 0.970m (~30mm in front of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a full frame with a subject at 3m distance: 2.737m (~263mm in front of target)

50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 1m distance: 0.990m (~10mm in front of target)
50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 3m distance: 2.913m (~86mm in front of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 1m distance: 0.981m (~19mm in front of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 3m distance: 2.831m (~168mm in front of target)

Next you need to calculate the far point which is the furthest distance that will be in focus given the distance between the camera and the subject:

FarPoint[mm] = (HyperFocal * distance) / (HyperFocal – (distance – focal))

e.g.:

50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a full frame with a subject at 1m distance: 1.015m (~15mm behind of target)
50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a full frame with a subject at 3m distance: 3.150m (~150mm behind of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a full frame with a subject at 1m distance: 1.031m (~31mm behind of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a full frame with a subject at 3m distance: 3.317m (~317mm behind of target)

50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 1m distance: 1.009m (~9mm behind of target)
50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 3m distance: 3.091m (~91mm behind of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 1m distance: 1.019m (~19mm behind of target)
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 3m distance: 3.189m (~189mm behind of target)

Now you can calculate the total focal distance:

TotalDoF = FarPoint - NearPoint

e.g.:

50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a full frame with a subject at 1m distance:  31mm
50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a full frame with a subject at 3m distance: 228mm
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a full frame with a subject at 1m distance:  61mm
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a full frame with a subject at 3m distance: 580mm

50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 1m distance:  19mm
50mm lens @ f/1.4 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 3m distance: 178mm
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 1m distance:  38mm
50mm lens @ f/2.8 on a Canon APS frame with a subject at 3m distance: 358mm

So the complete formula w/ CoC and HyperFocal precalculated:

TotalDoF[mm] = ((HyperFocal * distance) / (HyperFocal – (distance – focal))) -(HyperFocal * distance) / (HyperFocal + (distance – focal))

Or simplified:

TotalDoF[mm] = (2 * HyperFocal * distance * (distance - focal)) / (( HyperFocal + distance - focal) * (HyperFocal + focal - distance))

With CoC precalulated: I've made an attempt to simplify the following equations with the following substitutions: a = viewing distance (cm) b = desired final-image resolution (lp/mm) for a 25 cm viewing distance c = enlargement d = FocalLength e = Aperture f = distance X = CoC

TotalDoF = ((((d * d) / (e * X)) * f) / (((d * d) / (e * X)) – (f – d))) - ((((d * d) / (e * X)) * f) / (((d * d) / (e * X)) + (f – d)))

Simplified:

TotalDoF = (2*X*d^2*f*e(d-f))/((d^2 - X*d*e + X*f*e)*(d^2 + X*d*e - X*f*e))

Even further simplified with WolframAlpha:

TotalDoF = (2 * d^2 * e * (d - f) * f * X)/(d^4 - e^2 * (d - f)^2 * X^2)

Or if nothing is precalculated, you get get this monster, which is unusable:

TotalDoF = ((FocalLength * FocalLength) / (Aperture * (viewing distance (cm) / desired final-image resolution (lp/mm) for a 25 cm viewing distance / enlargement / 25)) * distance) / ((FocalLength * FocalLength) / (Aperture * (viewing distance (cm) / desired final-image resolution (lp/mm) for a 25 cm viewing distance / enlargement / 25)) – (distance – focal)) - ((FocalLength * FocalLength) / (Aperture * (viewing distance (cm) / desired final-image resolution (lp/mm) for a 25 cm viewing distance / enlargement / 25)) * distance) / ((FocalLength * FocalLength) / (Aperture * (viewing distance (cm) / desired final-image resolution (lp/mm) for a 25 cm viewing distance / enlargement / 25)) + (distance – focal))

Simplified:

(50*a*b*c*d^2*f*e*(d-f))/((25*b*c*d^2 - a*d*e + a*f*e)*(25*b*c*d^2 + a*d*e - a*f*e)

So basically use recalculated CoC and HyperFocal :)