Besides looking for a sign that says "Caution, no photography, infrared lasers in use" are there any ways to check for the presence of infrared lasers before shooting?

There are certainly ways to detect infrared lasers — if there weren't, they wouldn't be very useful for LIDAR or anything else. But I'm sure you're looking for a solution that's practical and relatively inexpensive: strapping on a pair of night vision goggles to detect camera hazards doesn't seem appealing.

There are materials that can convert infrared light to visible light, and they're often found on cards and other devices meant for detecting IR laser beams. For example, Edmund Optics carries a card that can detect fiber lasers like the one mentioned in the article. I don't know nearly enough about these things to recommend any product, but you can find lots more by searching for "IR laser detector card" or similar.

There are also lots of electronic components that can detect infrared light — IR detectors are used for all sorts of things from motion detectors to remote controlled appliances. Electronic IR detectors will generally have very small sensing areas, so a direct hit would be unlikely unless the laser you're looking for is scanning over a large area. Luckily, that's exactly what a LIDAR system does. Electronic detectors can be very cheap, depending on the wavelength range you're looking for, so you could potentially sew a whole array of them onto a jacket, camera bag, etc. You'd need some additional electronics to read the sensors and provide useful output, like lighting a warning light, but it seems like a do-able project.