I see two main problems:

1. Too slow shutter speed.

2. Overexposure.

The first goes directly to the issue you ask about. You are stuck with whatever lighting there is, so you can only trade off ISO, shutter speed, and f-stop (short of using a different camera with a more sensitive sensor).

You did a good job of following the motion. That's why the car looks reasonably sharp. However, that's also why the background and the dust does not look sharp. They weren't moving at the speed of the car, so were moving relative to the picture.

To freeze both scene elements moving at different speeds, you need a faster shutter speed. There is really no practical way around this. That means you have to use higher ISO or a lower f-stop to compensate. Only you can say how high ISO you can use with your camera and still tolerate the resulting noise. If the pictures will be used at smaller size than the originals, then you can afford more noise in the raw images. Filtering down to a smaller size will reduce the overall noise.

Wider f-stop gives you less dept of field. At your distance and depth of the scene, it looks like a shallow depth of field isn't much harm. Go ahead and open the lens, and see where the tradeoff is.

My point #2 is that this picture is over exposed. That can be seen by the white highlights of the car, which should clearly be yellow. This is actually good news, since it means you can probably increase the shutter speed by 1 f-stop without changing anything else.

In the end, there may simply not be enough light for that camera to allow a combination of ISO, shutter speed, and f-stop that you like. That's life. However, you should experiment to see where the limits are. Otherwise you won't know whether what you want to do is possible or not.