In general, you cannot determine which application last changed a file (whatever the file, image, spreadsheet...).

You can have a clue that the file has been changed by an application because usually this changes the modification date of the file (as displayed in your file explorer). The only applications that don't change files time stamps are those that copy them (move them to another drive, restore them from backups, etc...). So you can check the file time stamps in your explorer to see if they are coherent with the time the picture where taken or at least imported on your laptop, and if as a coincidence your corrupted files are more recent than the rest.

If you know that the files were good as some point in time, then either

• The file system is corrupted (ie, Windows mixed up which parts of the disks belong to which file). There may be utilities that check this (but if they can confirm the problem, I doubt that they can repair the files).
• Your disk is failing (which is the more likely case). This can be confirmed by using a utility that will check the SMART data of the drive. As above, that doesn't recover the files... And if the utility says that your drive doesn't support SMART, then it's so old that it is probably worn out.