Yes—if you can identify fixed landmarks in the image and on a map, you can estimate the camera position without GPS. The most useful method is to use bearings from aligned landmarks rather than relying on lens EXIF or simple trigonometry alone.

Pick two recognizable features that appear aligned from the camera’s viewpoint, then draw that line on the map through those two real-world points. That line represents a possible camera position. Do the same with a second pair of aligned features. The camera location is where the two lines intersect. A third pair can improve confidence: if the lines form a small triangle instead of meeting exactly, that triangle shows your likely error area.

In navigation this is commonly called resection/intersection; it’s closely related to triangulation. In practice, the accuracy depends on how precisely you can identify the landmarks, how well they align in the photo, and the quality of the map or terrain model. Lens EXIF may help estimate field of view, but the landmark-line method is the key to locating the shooting position.