Not reliably from a single finished photo. In practice, there isn’t consumer software that can look at an image region and accurately tell you the full lighting setup used.

The main issue is that the problem is heavily underconstrained: a photo doesn’t contain enough information to uniquely recover all the unknowns. Many different lighting setups can produce very similar results, and software usually doesn’t know what the subject or scene looked like before it was lit. Humans do better because we use prior knowledge about how faces, objects, and materials normally look.

There has been research on illumination estimation from images, but results are limited and usually aimed at computer vision tasks rather than giving photographers a practical “here’s your exact lighting recipe” tool.

So: software may estimate some broad cues like likely light direction or general illumination, but not a complete, dependable reconstruction of source count, softness, duration, motion, and reflectors from one image alone.