Generally, not in a practical consumer-camera sense. Most digital cameras’ sensors have some native sensitivity into near-IR and a little UV, but they include filters specifically to block most of that so color photos look normal. Modified cameras can capture more IR/UV, and specialized monochrome systems such as achromatic technical cameras may get closer, but that is not the same as cleanly separating UV, visible, and NIR into one normal photo.

The main problem is capture and balance: visible light is much stronger and easier to record than UV or NIR, so in one exposure the visible image tends to dominate unless you use filters or very carefully controlled lighting/exposure. Separate filtered captures are commonly used because UV and IR often need very different exposure settings.

There are also optical issues: different wavelengths focus at different planes, so getting UV, visible, and IR all sharply focused at once is difficult.

So the practical answer is: standard cameras can sometimes detect parts of these ranges, especially if modified, but a true one-shot UV + visible + NIR capture is generally a specialized scientific/imaging task rather than a normal commercially available photography feature.