Yes. A common way to do this is to use the photo’s EXIF capture date rather than the file’s modified date. ExifTool can do this and is specifically suited to reading metadata and renaming or moving files based on it, including placing files into date-based folders. If you only need filenames changed to reflect capture date, Namexif may also help, but ExifTool is the more complete option for actually organizing files into directories.

So the easiest solution is: use ExifTool to read each image’s shooting date and move the files into folders named from that date. If you’re comfortable scripting, you could also build your own workflow around ExifTool, but it already has built-in functionality for this kind of filename/folder organization.